NFDI4Objects Ontology

Scope note: This class comprises transfers of the physical custody or the legal responsibility for the physical custody of objects. The recording of the donor or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe: 1. the beginning of custody (there is no previous custodian) 2. the end of custody (there is no subsequent custodian) 3. the transfer of custody (transfer from one custodian to the next) 4. the receipt of custody from an unknown source (the previous custodian is unknown) 5. the declared loss of an object (the current or subsequent custodian is unknown) In the event that only a single kind of transfer of custody occurs, either the legal responsibility for the custody or the actual physical possession of the object but not both, this difference should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). The sense of physical possession requires that the object of custody be in the hands of the keeper at least with a part representative for the whole. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing. The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership and physical custody separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these. Theft is a specific case of illegal transfer of custody.

Examples: - the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery - the return of Picasso’s “Guernica” to Madrid’s Prado in 1981 (Chipp, 1988) - the transfer of custody of the work described as “Von der Velden ein Ufer an der See” from Johann Matthäus von Merian to the Auction House Heldevier (Jacob) for the purpose of sale, ca. 1716 - the transfer of custody of the painting ‘Mrs. Fitzherbert’ to the art dealer Knoedler from Parke-Bernet Galleries (New York, NY, USA) ca. March 1941

In First Order Logic: - E10(x) ⇒ E7(x)

• P28 a mis fin à la garde par ^op
• P29 a confié la garde par ^op
• P30 a transféré la garde de ^op

• P28i a cédé la garde par ^op
• P29i a reçu la garde par ^op
• P30i a été l’objet d’un transfert de garde par ^op

• Akzession ^c
• Aneignung ^c
• Deakzession ^c
• Empfang des Gewahrsams ^c
• Abgane des Gewahrsams ^c

Scope note: This class comprises instances of E7 Activity that are undertaken to create, alter or change instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. This class includes the production of an item from raw materials and other so far undocumented objects. It also includes the conservation treatment of an object. Since the distinction between modification and production is not always clear, modification is regarded as the more generally applicable concept. This implies that some items may be consumed or destroyed in an instance of E11 Modification, and that others may be produced as a result of it. An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities. An activity undertaken on an object which was designed to alter it, but which, in fact, it did not in any seemingly significant way (such as the application of a solvent during conservation which failed to dissolve any part of the object), is still considered as an instance of E11 Modification. Typically, any such activity will leave at least forensic traces of evidence on the object. If the instance of E29 Design or Procedure utilized for the modification prescribes the use of specific materials, they should be documented using property P68 foresees use of (use foreseen by): E57 Material of E29 Design or Procedure, rather than via P126 employed (was employed in): E57 Material.

Examples: - the construction of the SS Great Britain (E12) (Gregor, 1971) - the impregnation of the Vasa warship in Stockholm for preservation after 1956 (Håfors, 2010) - the transformation of the Enola Gay into a museum exhibit by the National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC between 1993 and 1995 (E12, E81) (Yakel, 2000) - the last renewal of the gold coating of the Toshogu shrine in Nikko, Japan (Cali and Dougil, 2012)

In First Order Logic: - E11(x) ⇒ E7(x)

• P126 a employé ^op
• P31 a modifié ^op

• P126i a été employé dans ^op
• P31i a été modifié par ^op

• E12 Herstellung ^c
• E79 Adição de Parte ^c
• E80 Part Removal ^c

Scope note: This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items. It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered “new” if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their production. In other cases, an item is considered “new” because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one. This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event. An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not.

Examples: - the construction of the SS Great Britain (Gregor, 1971) - the first casting of the Little Mermaid from the harbour of Copenhagen (Dewey, 2003) - Rembrandt’s creating of the seventh state of his etching “Woman sitting half dressed beside a stove”, 1658, identified by Bartsch Number 197 (E12, E65, E81) (Hind, 1923)

In First Order Logic: - E12(x) ⇒ E11(x) - E12(x) ⇒ E63(x)

• E11 Bearbeitung ^c
• E63 Beginning of Existence ^c

• P108 a produit ^op
• P186 a produit la chose du type ^op

• P108i a été produit par ^op
• P186i est produit par ^op

Scope note: This class comprises the actions of making assertions about one property of an object or any single relation between two items or concepts. The type of the property asserted to hold between two items or concepts can be described by the property P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned): E55 Type. For example, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain scientific/scholarly procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on whether this information should be accessible by structured queries. This class allows for the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. Note that all instances of properties described in a knowledge base are the opinion of someone. Per default, they are the opinion of the team maintaining the knowledge base. This fact must not individually be registered for all instances of properties provided by the maintaining team, because it would result in an endless recursion of whose opinion was the description of an opinion. Therefore, the use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment marks the fact that the maintaining team is in general neutral to the validity of the respective assertion, but registers someone else’s opinion and how it came about. All properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly relating the respective pair of items or concepts. Multiple use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment may possibly lead to a collection of contradictory values.

Examples: - the examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) - the assessment of the current ownership of Martin Doerr’s silver cup in February 1997 (fictitious)

In First Order Logic: - E13(x) ⇒ E7(x)

• P140 a assigné l’attribut à ^op
• P141 a attribué ^op
• P177 a assigné le type de propriété ^op

• P140i a reçu l’attribut par ^op
• P141i a été attribué par ^op
• P177i est le type de propriété assigné ^op

• E14 Avaliação do Estado Material ^c
• E15 Assignation d’identifiant ^c
• E16 Measurement ^c
• E17 Assignation de type ^c
• Akteurzuweisung ^c
• Bezeichnungszuweisung ^c
• Design_Technikzuweisung ^c
• Bearbeitung ^c
• Ikonografiezuweisung ^c
• Materialzuweisung ^c
• Ortszuweisung ^c
• Zuweisung_Stratigrafische_Periode ^c
• Zeitzuweisung ^c

Scope note: This class describes the act of assessing the state of preservation of an object during a particular period. The condition assessment may be carried out by inspection, measurement, or through historical research. This class is used to document circumstances of the respective assessment that is relevant to interpret its quality at a later stage, or to continue research on related documents.

Examples: - last year’s inspection of humidity damage to the frescos in the St. George chapel in our village (fictitious) - the condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) - the condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic: - E14(x) ⇒ E13(x)

• P34 a porté sur ^op
• P35 a identifié ^op

• P34i a été évalué par ^op
• P35i a été identifié par ^op

Scope note: This class comprises activities that result in the allocation of an identifier to an instance of E1 CRM Entity. An instance of E15 Identifier Assignment may include the creation of the identifier from multiple constituents, which themselves may be instances of E41 Appellation. The syntax and kinds of constituents to be used may be declared in a rule constituting an instance of E29 Design or Procedure. Examples of such identifiers include Find Numbers, Inventory Numbers, uniform titles in the sense of librarianship and Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). Documenting the act of identifier assignment and deassignment is especially useful when objects change custody or the identification system of an organization is changed. In order to keep track of the identity of things in such cases, it is important to document by whom, when, and for what purpose an identifier is assigned to an item. The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be expressed by using the property E1 CRM Entity. P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier. It can better be expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable E55 Type, such as “preferred identifier assignment”, to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment through the P2 has type (is type of) property.

Examples: - replacement of the inventory number TA959a by GE34604 for a 17(th) century lamentation cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens - assigning the author and uniform title heading “Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749-1832. Faust. 1. Theil.” to a work - on 1(st) June 2001, assigning the personal name heading “Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377” to Guillaume de Machaut (Kelly, 2014)

In First Order Logic: - E15(x) ⇒ E13(x)

• P142 a mobilisé comme élément ^op
• P37 a assigné ^op
• P38 a retiré l'assignation ^op

• P142i a été mobilisé dans ^op
• P37i a été assigné par ^op
• P38i a été retiré par ^op

Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic, objective procedure of direct observation of particular states of physical reality. An instance of E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Methods and devices employed should be associated with instances of E16 Measurement by properties such as P33 used specific technique: E29 Design or Procedure, P125 used object of type: E55 Type, P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon-14 dating" should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of): E55 Type. Details of methods and devices reused or reusable in other instances of E16 Measurement should be documented for these entities rather than the measurements themselves, whereas details of particular execution may be documented by free text or by instantiating adequate sub-activities, if the detail may be of interest for an overarching query. Regardless whether a measurement is made by an instrument or by human senses, it represents the initial transition from physical reality to information without any other documented information object in between within the reasoning chain that would represent the result of the interaction of the observer or device with reality. Therefore, determining properties of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is regarded as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment, which may be inferred from observing and measuring representative carriers. In the case that the carrier can be named, the property P16 used specific object (was used for) should be used to indicate the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing that was used as the empirical basis for the attribute assignment. For instance, inferring properties of depicted items using image material, such as satellite images, is not regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement, but as a subsequent instance of E13 Attribute Assignment. Rather, only the production of the images, understood as arrays of radiation intensities, is regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement. The same reasoning holds for other sensor data.

Examples: - measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (fictitious) - the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997)

In First Order Logic: - E16(x) ⇒ E13(x)

• P39 a mesuré ^op
• P40 a relevé comme dimension ^op

• P39i a été mesuré par ^op
• P40i a été relevé par ^op

Scope note: This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions, and concepts. This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of “determination,” i.e. the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology.

Examples: - the first classification of object GE34604 as Lamentation cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens - the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as Cereus hildmannianus K.Schum., July 2003

In First Order Logic: - E17(x) ⇒ E13(x)

• P41 a classifié ^op
• P42 a assigné ^op

• P41i a été classifié par ^op
• P42i a été assigné par ^op

• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/AcquisitionType_Assignment ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Collectionsystematics_Assignment ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/ObjectType_Assignment ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/UsageType_Assignment ^c

Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, human-made or natural. Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CIDOC CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land, etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter. An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space at any instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. For the purpose of more detailed descriptions of the presence of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in space and time it can be associated with its specific instance of E92 Spacetime Volume by the property P196 defines (is defined by). The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states, as long as they are not confined in an identifiable way for an identifiable minimal time-span.

Examples: - the Cullinan Diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006) - the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26) (Smith, 1844-49) - the Mona Lisa (E22) (Mohen, 2006)

In First Order Logic: - E18(x) ⇒ E72(x)

• P110i a été augmenté par ^op
• P111i a été ajouté par ^op
• P112i a été diminué par ^op
• P113i a été retiré par ^op
• P123i a résulté de ^op
• P124i a été transformé par ^op
• P128 carries ^op
• P13i a été détruit par ^op
• P156 occupe ^op
• P157i procure l’espace de référence pour ^op
• P195i a eu pour présence ^op
• P196 defines ^op
• P198 contient ou soutient ^op
• P198i est contenu ou soutenu par ^op
• P24i a changé de propriétaire par ^op
• P30i a été l’objet d’un transfert de garde par ^op
• P31i a été modifié par ^op
• P34i a été évalué par ^op
• P39i a été mesuré par ^op
• P44 a pour état matériel ^op
• P45 besteht aus ^op
• P46 est composé de ^op
• P46i bildet Teil von ^op
• P49 a pour actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur ^op
• P50 a pour actant détenteur actuel ^op
• P51 a pour propriétaire actuel ou antérieur ^op
• P52 a pour propriétaire actuel ^op
• P53 a pour localisation actuelle ou antérieure ^op
• P59 a pour section ^op
• P8i a été témoin de ^op

• P110 a augmenté ^op
• P111 a ajouté ^op
• P112 a diminué ^op
• P113 a retiré ^op
• P123 a eu pour résultat ^op
• P124 a transformé ^op
• P128i a pour support ^op
• P13 a détruit ^op
• P156i est occupé par ^op
• P157 est à l’arrêt par rapport à ^op
• P195 a été une présence de ^op
• P196i est défini par ^op
• P198 contient ou soutient ^op
• P198i est contenu ou soutenu par ^op
• P24 a transféré le titre de propriété de ^op
• P30 a transféré la garde de ^op
• P31 a modifié ^op
• P34 a porté sur ^op
• P39 a mesuré ^op
• P44i est l'état matériel de ^op
• P45i est inclus dans ^op
• P46 est composé de ^op
• P46i bildet Teil von ^op
• P49i est l’actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur de ^op
• P50i est l’actant détenteur actuel ^op
• P51i est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de ^op
• P52i est l'actant propriétaire actuel de ^op
• P53i est la localisation actuelle ou antérieure de ^op
• P59i befindet sich auf oder in ^op
• P8 a eu lieu à ^op

• E19 Materieller Gegenstand ^c
• E24 Chose matérielle élaborée par l’humain ^c
• E26 Característica Material ^c

Scope note: This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy). In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects”, i.e. naturally defined objects (Smith & Varzi, 2000). The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be purely administrative or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.

Examples: - Aphrodite of Milos (E22) (Kousser, 2005) - the Cullinan Diamond (Scarratt and Shor, 2006) - Apollo 13 at the time of launch (E22) (Lovell and Kluger, 1994)

In First Order Logic: - E19(x) ⇒ E18(x)

• P188i est l'outil de production de ^op
• P25i a été déplacé par ^op
• P54 a actuellement pour localisation fixe ^op
• P55 a actuellement pour localisation ^op
• P56 a pour caractéristique ^op
• P57 a pour nombre d’éléments ^dp

• P188 nécessite l'outil ^op
• P25 a déplacé ^op
• P54i est actuellement la location fixe de ^op
• P55i currently holds ^op
• P56i is found on ^op

• E20 Biological Object ^c
• E22 Human-Made Object ^c

Scope note: This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties: - Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier - Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass to which an instance belongs - Attachment of free text and other unstructured data for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties All other classes within the CIDOC CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.

Examples: - the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001)

In First Order Logic: - E1(x)

• P129i est le sujet de ^op
• P136i a fondé la création du type ^op
• P137 erläutert ^op
• P138i est représenté par ^op
• P140i a reçu l’attribut par ^op
• P141i a été attribué par ^op
• P15i a influencé ^op
• P17i a motivé ^op
• P1 est identifié par ^op
• P2 a pour type ^op
• P41i a été classifié par ^op
• P48 a pour identifiant préférentiel ^op
• P62i est illustré par ^op
• P67i fait l'objet d'un renvoi par ^op
• P70i est documenté dans ^op
• P71i est énuméré par ^op
• P3 a pour note ^dp

• P129 a pour sujet ^op
• P136 a été fondé sur ^op
• P137i erläutert durch Beispiel ^op
• P138 representa ^op
• P140 a assigné l’attribut à ^op
• P141 a attribué ^op
• P15 a été influencé par ^op
• P17 a été motivé par ^op
• P1i bezeichnet ^op
• P2i est le type de ^op
• P41 a classifié ^op
• P48i est l’identifiant préférentiel de ^op
• P62 bildet ab ^op
• P67 referencia ^op
• P70 belegt ^op
• P71 define ^op

• E2 Entidade Temporal ^c
• E52 Intervalle temporel ^c
• E53 Lieu ^c
• E54 Dimension ^c
• E77 Entidade Persistente ^c
• E92 Spacetime Volume ^c

Scope note: This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived, or are natural products of or from living organisms. Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Human-Made Object.

Examples: - me (fictitious) - Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979) - Boukephalus [Horse of Alexander the Great] (Lamb, 2005) - petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

In First Order Logic: - E20(x) ⇒ E19(x)

Scope note: This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CIDOC CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity. In a bibliographic context, a name presented following the conventions usually employed for personal names will be assumed to correspond to an actual real person (an instance of E21 Person), unless evidence is available to indicate that this is not the case. The fact that a persona may erroneously be classified as an instance of E21 Person does not imply that the concept comprises personae.

Examples: - Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979) - Nelson Mandela (Brown and Hort, 2006)

In First Order Logic: - E21(x) ⇒ E20(x) - E21(x) ⇒ E39(x)

• E20 Biological Object ^c
• E39 Actant ^c

• P100i died in ^op
• P152 a pour parent ^op
• P152i est le parent de ^op
• P96i a donné naissance à ^op
• P97i a été le père pour ^op
• P98i est né ^op

• P100 Tod von ^op
• P152 a pour parent ^op
• P152i est le parent de ^op
• P96 by mother ^op
• P97 de père ^op
• P98 a donné vie à ^op

Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical objects of any size that are purposely created by human activity and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen.

Examples: - the Rosetta Stone (E22) - LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard [the World’s fastest steam locomotive, preserved at the National Railway Museum of York, UK] (Solomon, 2003) - the Portland Vase (Walker, 2004)

In First Order Logic: - E22(x) ⇒ E19(x) - E22(x) ⇒ E24(x)

• E19 Materieller Gegenstand ^c
• E24 Chose matérielle élaborée par l’humain ^c

• Objekt ^c
• Quellenträger ^c

Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, human-made objects, such as a sword, and human-made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even human-made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation. Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it human-made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may continue to be non-human-made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop.

Examples: - the Forth Railway Bridge (Shipway, Bouch, Baker and Fowler, 1990). - the Channel Tunnel (E25) (Holliday, Marcou and Vickerman, 1991) - the Palace of Knossos (Evans, 1921) - the Colosseum in Rome, Italy (Hopkins and Beard, 2011) - the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78) (Georgoula, 2005) - the Rosetta Stone (E22) - my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment (E22) (fictitious) - the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM v.3.2 (E22) - my empty DVD disk (E22) (fictitious)

In First Order Logic: - E24(x) ⇒ E18(x) - E24(x) ⇒ E71(x)

• E18 Chose matérielle ^c
• E71 Chose élaborée par l’humain ^c

• P108i a été produit par ^op
• P62 bildet ab ^op
• P65 apresenta item visual ^op

• P108 a produit ^op
• P62i est illustré par ^op
• P65i est représenté par ^op

• E22 Human-Made Object ^c
• E25 Caractéristique élaborée par l'humain ^c
• E78 Collection ^c

Scope note: This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc. In particular, it includes the information encoding features on mechanical or digital carriers.

Examples: - the Manchester Ship Canal (Farnie, 1980) - Michael Jackson’s nose following plastic surgery - the laser-readable “pits” engraved June 2014 on Martin Doerr’s CD-R, copying songs of Edith Piaf - the carved letters on the Rosetta Stone

In First Order Logic: - E25(x) ⇒ E24(x) - E25(x) ⇒ E26(x)

• E24 Chose matérielle élaborée par l’humain ^c
• E26 Característica Material ^c

Scope note: This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects. Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not. Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colours, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature. This definition coincides with the definition of “fiat objects”, with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects” (Smith & Varzi, 2000).

Examples: - the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (Psimenos. 2005) - the temple in Abu Simbel before its removal, which was carved out of solid rock (E25) (Hawass, 2000) - Albrecht Duerer's signature on his painting of Charles the Great (E25) (Strauss, 1974) - the damage to the nose of the Great Sphinx in Giza (Temple, 2009) - Michael Jackson’s nose prior to plastic surgery

In First Order Logic: - E26(x) ⇒ E18(x)

• E25 Caractéristique élaborée par l'humain ^c
• E27 Gelände ^c

Scope note: This class comprises pieces of land or sea floor. In contrast to the purely geometric notion of E53 Place, this class describes constellations of matter on the surface of the Earth or other celestial body, which can be represented by photographs, paintings, and maps. Instances of E27 Site are composed of relatively immobile material items and features in a particular configuration at a particular location.

Examples: - the Amazon river basin (Hegen, 1966) - Knossos (Evans, 1921) - the Apollo 11 landing site (Siegler and Smrekar, 2014) - Heathrow Airport (Wicks, 2014) - the submerged harbour of the Minoan settlement of Gournia, Crete (Watrous, 2012) - the island of Crete

In First Order Logic: - E27(x) ⇒ E26(x)

Scope note: This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation, or historical implication. The production of such information might have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers. Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc. They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.

Examples: - Beethoven’s “Ode an die Freude” (Ode to Joy) (E73) (Kershaw, 1999) - the definition of “ontology” in the Oxford English Dictionary (E73) (Oxford University Press, 1989) - the knowledge about the victory at Marathon carried by the famous runner (E89) (Lagos & Karyanos, 2020) - [Explanation note: The following examples illustrate the distinction between a propositional object, its names and its encoded forms. The Maxwell equations (Ball, 1962) are a good example, because they belong to the fundamental laws of physics and their mathematical content yields identical, unambiguous results regardless formulation and encoding.] - “Maxwell equations” (E41) [preferred subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is only the name for the Maxwell equations as standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.] - “Equations, Maxwell” (E41) [variant subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is another name for the equation standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.] - Maxwell's equations (E89) [This is the propositional content of the equations proper, independent of any particular notation or mathematical formalism.] (Ball, 1962) - The encoding of Maxwells equations as in https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Maxwell%27sEquations.svg (E73) [accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is one possible symbolic encoding of the propositional content of the equations.]

In First Order Logic: - E28(x) ⇒ E71(x)

• E55 Tipo ^c
• E89 Aussagenobjekt ^c
• E90 Objet symbolique ^c

Scope note: This class comprises documented plans for the execution of actions in order to achieve a result of a specific quality, form, or contents. In particular, it comprises plans for deliberate human activities that may result in new instances of E71 Human-Made Thing or for shaping or guiding the execution of an instance of E7 Activity. Instances of E29 Design or Procedure can be structured in parts and sequences or depend on others. This is modelled using P69 has association with (is associated with): E29 Design or Procedure. Designs or procedures can be seen as one of the following: 1. A schema for the activities it describes 2. A schema of the products that result from their application 3. An independent intellectual product that may have never been applied, such as Leonardo da Vinci’s famous plans for flying machines Because designs or procedures may never be applied or only partially executed, the CIDOC CRM models a loose relationship between the plan and the respective product.

Examples: - the ISO standardisation procedure - the musical notation for Beethoven’s “Ode to Joy” (Kershaw, 1999) - the architectural drawings for the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral) in Cologne, Germany (Wolff, 1999) - the drawing found on Folio 860 of the Codex Atlanticus from Leonardo da Vinci, 1486 to 1490, kept in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan

In First Order Logic: - E29(x) ⇒ E73(x)

• P187i est le plan de production de ^op
• P33i a été la technique spécifique mise en œuvre dans ^op
• P68 foresees use of ^op
• P69 est associé à ^op
• P69i est associé à ^op

• P187 a pour plan de production ^op
• P33 a mobilisé comme technique spécifique ^op
• P68i usage prévu de ^op
• P69 est associé à ^op
• P69i est associé à ^op

Scope note: This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice. In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples: - Bronze Age (E4) (Childe, 1963) - the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001) - the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 to 1946 (E3) (Maddox, 2015)

In First Order Logic: - E2(x) ⇒ E1(x)

• P173 commence avant ou au moment de la fin de ^op
• P173i ends after or with the start of ^op
• P174 commence avant la fin de ^op
• P174i ends after the start of ^op
• P175 commence avant ou au moment du début de ^op
• P175i commence après ou au moment du début de ^op
• P176 commence avant le début de ^op
• P176i commence après le début de ^op
• P182 ends before or with the start of ^op
• P182i commence après ou au moment de la fin de ^op
• P183 ends before the start of ^op
• P183i commence après la fin de ^op
• P184 ends before or with the end of ^op
• P184i ends with or after the end of ^op
• P185 ends before the end of ^op
• P185i ends after the end of ^op
• P4 a pour intervalle temporel ^op

• P173 commence avant ou au moment de la fin de ^op
• P173i ends after or with the start of ^op
• P174 commence avant la fin de ^op
• P174i ends after the start of ^op
• P175 commence avant ou au moment du début de ^op
• P175i commence après ou au moment du début de ^op
• P176 commence avant le début de ^op
• P176i commence après le début de ^op
• P182 ends before or with the start of ^op
• P182i commence après ou au moment de la fin de ^op
• P183 ends before the start of ^op
• P183i commence après la fin de ^op
• P184 ends before or with the end of ^op
• P184i ends with or after the end of ^op
• P185 ends before the end of ^op
• P185i ends after the end of ^op
• P4i est l’intervalle temporel de ^op

• E3 Condition State ^c
• E4 Period ^c

Scope note: This class comprises legal privileges concerning material and immaterial things or their derivatives. These include reproduction and property rights.

Examples: - copyright held by ISO on ISO/CD 21127 - ownership of the “Mona Lisa” by the museum of the Louvre, Paris, France

In First Order Logic: - E30(x) ⇒ E89(x)

• P104i applies to ^op
• P75i est possédé par ^op

• P104 Gegenstand von ^op
• P75 besitzt ^op

Scope note: This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality. These propositions may be expressed in text, graphics, images, audiograms, videograms, or by other similar means. Documentation databases are regarded as instances of E31 Document. This class should not be confused with the concept “document” in Information Technology, which is compatible with E73 Information Object.

Examples: - the Encyclopaedia Britannica (E32) (Kogan, 1958) - the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36) - Domesday Book [a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror] (Hallam 1986)

In First Order Logic: - E31(x) ⇒ E73(x)

• E32 Authority Document ^c
• Kommentar ^c
• Datensatz ^c
• Beschreibung ^c
• Literatur ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Literature_Section ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Transcription ^c

Scope note: This class comprises encyclopaedia, thesauri, authority lists and other documents that define terminology or conceptual systems for consistent use.

Examples: - Webster's Dictionary (Herbert, 1994) - Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (Getty Trust, 1990) - the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (Gergatsoulis et al., 2010)

In First Order Logic: - E32(x) ⇒ E31(x)

• E33 Linguistic Object ^c
• E41 Appellation ^c

Scope note: This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages. Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g. as written texts, recorded speech, or sign language. However, the CIDOC CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33 Linguistic Object by the CIDOC CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object. In general, an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may also contain non-linguistic information, often of artistic or aesthetic value. Only in cases in which the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can completely be expressed by a series of binary-encoded symbols, its content may be documented within a respective knowledge base by the property P190 has symbolic content: E62 String. Otherwise, it should be understood as an identifiable digital resource only available independently from the respective knowledge base. In other cases, such as pages of an illuminated manuscript or recordings containing speech in a language supported by a writing system, the linguistic part of the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may be documented within a respective knowledge base in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. Otherwise, it may be described using the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in): E73 Information Object as a different object with its own identity.

Examples: - the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript (Hilmo, 2019) - the lyrics of the song “Blue Suede Shoes” (Cooper, 2008) - the text of the “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll (Carroll, 1981) - the text of “Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde” [an Esperanto translation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]. (Stevenson, Morrison and Mann, 1909) - the free dialog in the local dialect recorded in 1958, Telemark, Norway stored on tape or.7-89.s1 (00.15:46-00:34), The Language Collection at the University Library in Bergen, Norway (verified on 2020)

In First Order Logic: - E33(x) ⇒ E73(x)

• P72 a pour langue ^op
• P73 a pour traduction ^op
• P73i est traduction de ^op

• P72i est la langue de ^op
• P73 a pour traduction ^op
• P73i est traduction de ^op

• E33_E41 Linguistic Appellation ^c
• E34 Inschrift ^c
• E35 Titel ^c

Scope note: This class comprises recognisable texts that can be attached to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55 Type. This class is not intended to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CIDOC CRM as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E18 Physical Thing. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Object.

Examples: - “keep off the grass” [on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College, Oxford, UK] - the text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 (Mommsen, 1872) - “Kilroy was here”

In First Order Logic: - E34(x) ⇒ E33(x) - E34(x) ⇒ E37(x)

• E33 Linguistic Object ^c
• E37 Marca ^c

Scope note: This class comprises the textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form. Being a subclass of E41 Appellation, E35 Title can only be used when such a string is actually used as a title of a work, such as a text, an artwork, or a piece of music. Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting”, or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group. This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.

Examples: - “The Merchant of Venice” (McCullough, 2005) - “Mona Lisa” (Mohen, Menu and Mottin, 2006) - “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981) - “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” (Lennon, 1967)

In First Order Logic: - E35(x) ⇒ E33(x) - E35(x) ⇒ E41(x)

• E33 Linguistic Object ^c
• E41 Appellation ^c

Scope note: This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation, and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support. The E36 Visual Item class provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that carry the same visual symbols, marks, or images, etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Human-Made Thing and the depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.

Examples: - the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981) - the Coca-Cola logo (E34) - the Chi-Rho (E37) - the communist red star (E37) - the surface shape of Auguste Rodin's statue "Le Penseur" [There exist more than 20 copies, even of different size. Therefore, this is a good example that it is only the common surface shape, an immaterial visual item, which justifies displaying these copies as works of Auguste Rodin. As usual practice, Rodin himself did not produce the bronze statue, but only the prototype model.]

In First Order Logic: - E36(x) ⇒ E73(x)

• P138 representa ^op
• P65i est représenté par ^op

• P138i est représenté par ^op
• P65 apresenta item visual ^op

• E37 Marca ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Iconographic_Motive ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Image ^c

Scope note: This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures, or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques, often in order to indicate such things as creator, owner, dedications, purpose, or to communicate information generally. Instances of E37 Mark do not represent the actual image of a mark, but the abstract ideal (or archetype) as used for codification in reference documents forming cultural documentation. This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Human-Made Feature.

Examples: - Minoan double axe mark (Lowe Fri, 2011) - © - ☺

In First Order Logic: - E37(x) ⇒ E36(x)

Scope note: This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which they can be held responsible.

Examples: - London and Continental Railways (E74) - the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21) - Sir Ian McKellen (E21) (Gibson, 1986)

In First Order Logic: - E39(x) ⇒ E77(x)

• P105i détient le droit sur ^op
• P107i est le membre actuel ou antérieur de ^op
• P109i est responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection ^op
• P11i a participé à ^op
• P143i a adhéré par ^op
• P145i est dissocié par ^op
• P14i a effectué ^op
• P22i a acquis le titre de propriété par ^op
• P23i a cédé le titre de propriété à ^op
• P28i a cédé la garde par ^op
• P29i a reçu la garde par ^op
• P49i est l’actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur de ^op
• P50i est l’actant détenteur actuel ^op
• P51i est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de ^op
• P52i est l'actant propriétaire actuel de ^op
• P74 a pour résidence actuelle ou antérieure ^op
• P75 besitzt ^op
• P76 a pour coordonnées ^op

• P105 Rechte stehen zu ^op
• P107 a pour membre actuel ou antérieur ^op
• P109 a pour responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection ^op
• P11 a eu pour actant participant ^op
• P143 a fait adhérer ^op
• P145 a dissocié ^op
• P14 a été effectué par ^op
• P22 a transféré le titre de propriété à ^op
• P23 a transféré le titre de propriété de ^op
• P28 a mis fin à la garde par ^op
• P29 a confié la garde par ^op
• P49 a pour actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur ^op
• P50 a pour actant détenteur actuel ^op
• P51 a pour propriétaire actuel ou antérieur ^op
• P52 a pour propriétaire actuel ^op
• P74i est la résidence actuelle ou antérieure de ^op
• P75i est possédé par ^op
• P76i bietet Zugang zu ^op

• E21 Person ^c
• E74 Group ^c

Scope note: This class comprises the states of objects characterised by a certain condition over a time-span. An instance of this class describes the prevailing physical condition of any material object or feature during a specific instance of E52 Time-Span. In general, the time-span for which a certain condition can be asserted may be shorter than the real time-span, for which this condition held. The nature of that condition can be described using P2 has type. For example, the instance of E3 Condition State “condition of the SS Great Britain between 22(nd) September 1846 and 27(th) August 1847” can be characterized as an instance “wrecked” of E55 Type.

Examples: - the "reconstructed" state of the “Amber Room” in Tsarskoje Selo from summer 2003 until now (Owen, 2009) - the "ruined" state of Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg from 1944 to 1946 (Maddox, 2015) - the state of my turkey in the oven at 14:30 on 25(th) December 2002 [P2 has type: E55 Type “still not cooked”] (fictitious) - the topography of the leaves of Sinai Printed Book 3234.2361 on the 10(th) July 2007 [described as: of type "cockled"] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic: - E3(x) ⇒ E2(x)

• P35i a été identifié par ^op
• P44i est l'état matériel de ^op
• P5 besteht aus ^op
• P5i bildet Teil von ^op

• P35 a identifié ^op
• P44 a pour état matériel ^op
• P5 besteht aus ^op
• P5i bildet Teil von ^op

Scope note: This class comprises all signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class within a certain context. Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e. other instances of E41 Appellation that are regarded as equivalent, regardless of the thing it denotes. Different languages may use different appellations for the same thing, such as the names of major cities. Some appellations may be formulated using a valid noun phrase of a particular language. In these cases, the respective instances of E41 Appellation should also be declared as instances of E33 Linguistic Object. Then the language using the appellation can be declared with the property P72 has language: E56 Language. Instances of E41 Appellation may be used to identify any instance of E1 CRM Entity and sometimes are characteristic for instances of more specific subclasses of E1 CRM Entity, such as for instances of E52 Time-Span (for instance “dates”), E39 Actor, E53 Place or E28 Conceptual Object. Postal addresses and E-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients. Even numerically expressed identifiers for extents in space or time are also regarded as instances of E41 Appellation, such as Gregorian dates or spatial coordinates, even though they allow for determining some time or location by a known procedure starting from a reference point and by virtue of that fact play a double role as instances of E59 Primitive Value. E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment.

Examples: - “Martin” - “Aquae Sulis Minerva” - “the Merchant of Venice” (E35) (McCullough, 2005) - “Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.” [not the species, just the name] (Hershberger, Robacker and Jenkins, 2015) - “information science” [not the science itself, but the name used to refer to the subject matter in an English-speaking context] - “安” [Chinese “an”, meaning “peace”] - “6°5’29”N 45°12’13”W” [example of a spatial coordinate] - “Black queen’s bishop 4” [chess coordinate, example of an identifier in a conceptual space (E89)] - “19-MAR-1922” [example of date] - “+41 22 418 5571” [example of contact point] - “weasel@paveprime.com” [example of contact point] - “CH-1211, Genève” [example of place appellation] - “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan” [example of a postal address] - “the poop deck of H.M.S Victory” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)] - “the Venus de Milo’s left buttock” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)]

In First Order Logic: - E41(x) ⇒ E90(x)

• P139 a pour forme alternative ^op
• P139i est la forme alternative de ^op
• P1i bezeichnet ^op
• P76i bietet Zugang zu ^op

• P139 a pour forme alternative ^op
• P139i est la forme alternative de ^op
• P1 est identifié par ^op
• P76 a pour coordonnées ^op

• E33_E41 Linguistic Appellation ^c
• E35 Titel ^c
• E42 Identifiant ^c

Scope note: This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. Postal addresses, telephone numbers, URLs and e-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents.

Examples: - “MM.GE.195” - “13.45.1976” - “OXCMS: 1997.4.1” (fictitious) - “ISSN 0041-5278” [Identifier for “The UNESCO Courier (Print)”] - ISRC “FIFIN8900186” [Identifier for : Kraft (29 min 14 s) / Magnus Lindberg, comp. ; Toimii Ensemble ; Swedish Radio symphony orchestra ; Esa-Pekka Salonen, dir.] - Shelf mark “Res 8 P 10” - “Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)” [a controlled personal name heading that follows the French rules] (Reaney, 1974) - “+41 22 418 5571” - “ weasel@paveprime.com” - “Rue David Dufour 5, CH-1211, Genève” - “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan”

In First Order Logic: - E42(x) ⇒ E41(x)

• P37i a été assigné par ^op
• P38i a été retiré par ^op
• P48i est l’identifiant préférentiel de ^op

• P37 a assigné ^op
• P38 a retiré l'assignation ^op
• P48 a pour identifiant préférentiel ^op

• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Authorityfile_ID ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Geo_Coordinates ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Identifier ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Inventory_Number ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Literature_Section_ID ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/URL ^c

Scope note: This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space. It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an instance of E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods. Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore, E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical birth, an instance of E67 Birth, can be seen as both a single event, i.e. an instance of E5 Event, and as an extended period, i.e. an instance of E4 Period, that consists of multiple physical processes and complementary activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor. E4 Period is a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime Volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CIDOC CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance, it is possible to discuss the physical extent of an instance of E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomenon while an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore, this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. Typical use of this class in cultural heritage documentation is for documenting cultural and artistic periods. There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period in the European sphere of influence lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type. A geopolitical unit as a specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena related to the claim of power, the consequences of belonging to a jurisdictional area and an administrative system that establishes a geopolitical unit. Examples from the modern period are countries or administrative areas of countries such as districts whose actions and structures define activities and phenomena in the area that they intend to govern. The borders of geopolitical units are often defined in contracts or treaties although they may deviate from the actual practice. The spatiotemporal properties of Geopolitical units can be modelled through the properties inherited from E92 Spacetime Volume. Another specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the actual extent of the set of activities and phenomena as evidenced by their physical traces that define a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.

Examples: - Jurassic (Hallam, 1975) - Populated Period of Nineveh - Imperial Rome under Marcus Aurelius - European Bronze Age (Harrison, 2004) - Italian Renaissance (Macdonald, 1992) - Thirty Years War (Lee, 1991) - Sturm und Drang (Berkoff, 2013) - Cubism (Cox, 2000) - The Capital of Russia (E4) [the capital of Russia in the sense of an administrative unit moved in historical times from Moscow to St Petersburg and then back to Moscow. This exemplifies an administrative unit changing place over time without temporal discontinuity] - The settling activity of the community of Helsinki (a.k.a. Helsingfors) (E7) [the original settlement called Helsinki was located in the area of the modern airport. The community moved later to settle on the coast. This exemplifies a continued activity changing place over time without temporal discontinuity] - Bronze Age (E4) [Bronze Age, in the sense of technological adoption, spread over disjoint areas including islands such as the British Isles without temporal discontinuity] - Japan, the state (E4) [In 2021, the Japanese state as a political unit comprised in 6852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia]

In First Order Logic: - E4(x) ⇒ E2(x) - E4(x) ⇒ E92(x)

• E2 Entidade Temporal ^c
• E92 Spacetime Volume ^c

• P7 a eu lieu dans ^op
• P8 a eu lieu à ^op
• P9 comprend ^op
• P9i bildet Teil von ^op

• P7i a été témoin de ^op
• P8i a été témoin de ^op
• P9 comprend ^op
• P9i bildet Teil von ^op

• E5 Ereignis ^c
• Globale_Stratigraphische_Periode ^c
• Lokale_Stratigraphische_Periode ^c

Scope note: This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end, and a duration. Instances of E52 Time-Span have no semantic connotations about phenomena happening within the temporal extent they represent. They do not convey any meaning other than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The actual extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span can be approximated by properties of E52 Time-Span giving inner and outer bounds in the form of dates (instances of E61 Time Primitive). Comparing knowledge about time-spans is fundamental for chronological reasoning. Some instances of E52 Time-Span may be defined as the actual, in principle observable, temporal extent of instances of E2 Temporal Entity via the property P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span. They constitute phenomenal time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013). Since our knowledge of history is imperfect and physical phenomena are fuzzy in nature, the extent of phenomenal time-spans can only be described in approximation. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an instance of E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. It may, nevertheless, be associated with other descriptions by which people can infer knowledge about it, such as in relative chronologies. Some instances of E52 may be defined precisely as representing a declaration of a temporal extent, as, for instance, done in a business contract. They constitute declarative time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013) and can be described via the property E61 Time Primitive P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time-Span. When used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it will nevertheless describe them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else is known.

Examples: - 1961 - From 12-17-1993 to 12-8-1996 - 14h30 to 16h22 4(th) July 1945 - 9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999 - the time-span of the Ming Dynasty (Chan, 2011)

In First Order Logic: - E52(x) ⇒ E1(x)

• P160i est la projection temporelle de ^op
• P164i spécifie temporellement ^op
• P191 a eu pour durée ^op
• P4i est l’intervalle temporel de ^op
• P86 está contido em ^op
• P86i contains ^op
• P170i temps défini par ^dp
• P79 a son début qualifié par ^dp
• P80 a sa fin qualifiée par ^dp
• P81 a couvert ^dp
• P81a Ende des Anfangs ^dp
• P81b Anfang vom Ende ^dp
• P82 a eu lieu durant ^dp
• P82a Anfang des Anfangs ^dp
• P82b Ende vom Ende ^dp

• P160 a pour projection temporelle ^op
• P164 est temporellement spécifié par ^op
• P191i was duration of ^op
• P4 a pour intervalle temporel ^op
• P86 está contido em ^op
• P86i contains ^op

Scope note: This class comprises extents in the natural space where people live, in particular on the surface of the Earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. They may serve describing the physical location of things or phenomena or other areas of interest. Geometrically, instances of E53 Place constitute single contiguous areas or a finite aggregation of disjoint areas in space which are each individually contiguous. They may have fuzzy boundaries. The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objects. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, people are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object, i.e. H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance. Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of E53 Place. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).

Examples: - the extent of the UK in the year 2003 - the position of the hallmark on the inside of my wedding ring (fictitious) - the place referred to in the phrase: “Fish collected at three miles north of the confluence of the Arve and the Rhone” - here -> <- [the place between these two arrows in one of the reader's paper copy of this document. Each copy constitutes a different place of this spot.]

In First Order Logic: - E53(x) ⇒ E1(x)

• P121 overlaps with ^op
• P122 borders with ^op
• P156i est occupé par ^op
• P157 est à l’arrêt par rapport à ^op
• P161i est la projection spatiale de ^op
• P167i comporte ^op
• P189 approximates ^op
• P189i est approximé par ^op
• P197i a été partiellement couvert par ^op
• P26i a été la destination de ^op
• P27i a été le point de départ de ^op
• P53i est la localisation actuelle ou antérieure de ^op
• P54i est actuellement la location fixe de ^op
• P55i currently holds ^op
• P59i befindet sich auf oder in ^op
• P74i est la résidence actuelle ou antérieure de ^op
• P7i a été témoin de ^op
• P89 está contido em ^op
• P89i contains ^op
• P168 lieu défini par ^dp
• P171 at some place within ^dp
• P172 contains ^dp

• P121 overlaps with ^op
• P122 borders with ^op
• P156 occupe ^op
• P157i procure l’espace de référence pour ^op
• P161 a pour projection spatiale ^op
• P167 s’inscrivait dans ^op
• P189 approximates ^op
• P189i est approximé par ^op
• P197 a couvert des parties de ^op
• P26 a déplacé vers ^op
• P27 a déplacé depuis ^op
• P53 a pour localisation actuelle ou antérieure ^op
• P54 a actuellement pour localisation fixe ^op
• P55 a actuellement pour localisation ^op
• P59 a pour section ^op
• P74 a pour résidence actuelle ou antérieure ^op
• P7 a eu lieu dans ^op
• P89 está contido em ^op
• P89i contains ^op

• Geographischer_Ort ^c
• Lokation ^c

Scope note: This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values, etc. An instance of E54 Dimension represents the empirical or theoretically derived quantity, including the precision tolerances resulting from the particular method or calculation. The identity of an instance of E54 Dimension depends on the method of its determination because each method may produce different values even when determining comparable qualities. For instance, the wingspan of a bird alive or dead is a different dimension. Thermoluminescence dating and Rehydroxylation [RHX] dating are different dimensions of temporal distance from now, even if they aim at dating the same object. The method of determination should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). Note that simple terms such as “diameter” or “length” are normally insufficient to unambiguously describe a respective dimension. In contrast, “maximum linear extent” may be sufficient. The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of instances of E54 Dimension adequate to the precision of the applied method of determination. If the respective quantity belongs to a non-discrete space according to the laws of physics, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that comparability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions. Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension, as appropriate.

Examples: - the weight of the Luxor Obelisk [250 metric tons] - the vertical height of the statue of David by Michelangelo [5.17 metres] - the weight of the Great Star of Africa diamond [530.2 carats] - the calibrated C14 date for the Shroud of Turin [AD1262-1312, 1303-1384] - the horizontal diameter of the Stonehenge Sarsen Circle [33 metres] (Pryor, 2016) - the length of the sides of the Great Pyramid at Giza [230.34 metres] (Lehner and Hawass, 2017) - the duration of the time-span of the Battle of Issos/Issus on 15(th) November 333 B.C.E. [less than 12 hours] (Howard, 2012) - Christie’s hammer price, in British Pounds, for Vincent van Gogh's "Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers" in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) [24.75 million GBP (British Pounds)]

In First Order Logic: - E54(x) ⇒ E1(x)

• P191i was duration of ^op
• P40i a été relevé par ^op
• P43i est la dimension de ^op
• P91 a pour unité de mesure ^op
• P90 a pour valeur ^dp
• P90a has lower value limit ^dp
• P90b has upper value limit ^dp

• P191 a eu pour durée ^op
• P40 a relevé comme dimension ^op
• P43 a pour dimension ^op
• P91i est l’unité de mesure de ^op

Scope note: This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts, in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CIDOC CRM classes. E55 Type provides an interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CIDOC CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type. Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.

Examples: - weight, length, depth [types for instances of E54 Dimension] - portrait, sketch, animation [types for instances of E36 Visual Item] - French, English, German [types for instances of E56 Language] - excellent, good, poor [types for instances of E3 Condition State] - Ford Model T, chop stick [types for instances of E22 Human-Made Object] - cave, doline, scratch [types for instances of E26 Physical Feature] - poem, short story [types for instances of E33 Linguistic Object] - wedding, earthquake, skirmish [types for instances of E5 Event]

In First Order Logic: - E55(x) ⇒ E28(x)

• P101i a été l'usage général de ^op
• P103i a été la raison d'être de ^op
• P125i Objekt des Typus ... wurde benutzt in ^op
• P127 a pour terme général ^op
• P127i a pour terme spécifique ^op
• P135i a été créé par ^op
• P137i erläutert durch Beispiel ^op
• P150 defines typical parts of ^op
• P150i defines typical wholes for ^op
• P177i est le type de propriété assigné ^op
• P21i a été la finalité de ^op
• P2i est le type de ^op
• P32i a été la technique générale mise en œuvre dans ^op
• P42i a été assigné par ^op

• P101 a eu pour usage général ^op
• P103 a eu pour raison d'être ^op
• P125 a mobilisé l’objet du type ^op
• P127 a pour terme général ^op
• P127i a pour terme spécifique ^op
• P135 a créé le type ^op
• P137 erläutert ^op
• P150 defines typical parts of ^op
• P150i defines typical wholes for ^op
• P177 a assigné le type de propriété ^op
• P21 a eu pour finalité générale ^op
• P2 a pour type ^op
• P32 a mobilisé comme technique générale ^op
• P42 a assigné ^op

• E56 Language ^c
• E57 Material ^c
• E58 Maßeinheit ^c
• E99 Modèle de produit ^c
• Akquisitionsart ^c
• Handlungsart ^c
• Aneignungsart ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Collectionsystematics ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Corporate_Body_Type ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Custody_Type ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Dimension_Type ^c
• Ausstellungsart ^c
• Art_der_Datei ^c
• Schlagwort ^c
• Lizenzart ^c
• Literaturart ^c
• Lokationsart ^c
• Art_der_Modifikation ^c
• Art_des_Objektzustands ^c
• Objektart ^c
• Präsentationsart ^c
• Beruf ^c
• Rolle ^c
• Art_des_Quelleninhalts ^c
• Datensatzart ^c
• Art_des_Befunds ^c
• Art_der_Bewegung ^c
• Art_der_Rezeption ^c
• Nutzungsart ^c

Scope note: This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts. This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E56 Language, e.g. “instances of Mandarin Chinese”. It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology should be used to denote instances of E56 Language, such as those defined in ISO 639-3:2007 and later versions.

Examples: - ell [Greek] - eng [English] - epo [Esperanto] - spa [Spanish] - fra [French]

In First Order Logic: - E56(x) ⇒ E55(x)

Scope note: This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials. Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing). This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g. “instances of gold”. It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology should be used.

Examples: - brick (Gurcke, 1987) - gold (Watson, 1990) - aluminium (Norman, 1986) - polycarbonate (Mhaske, 2011) - resin (Barton, 1992)

In First Order Logic: - E57(x) ⇒ E55(x)

• P126i a été employé dans ^op
• P45i est inclus dans ^op
• P68i usage prévu de ^op

• P126 a employé ^op
• P45 besteht aus ^op
• P68 foresees use of ^op

Scope note: This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc. This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g. “instances of cm”. Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible, such as those defined by ISO80000:2009. Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved.

Examples: - cm [centimetre] - km [kilometre] - m [metre] - m/s [metres per second] (Hau et al., 1999) - A [ampere] - GRD [Greek Drachma] (E98) (Daniel, 2014) - C [degrees centigrade] (Beckman, 1998)

In First Order Logic: - E58(x) ⇒ E55(x)

Scope note: This class comprises distinct, delimited and coherent processes and interactions of a material nature, in cultural, social or physical systems, involving and affecting instances of E77 Persistent Item in a way characteristic of the kind of process. Typical examples are meetings, births, deaths, actions of decision taking, making or inventing things, but also more complex and extended ones such as conferences, elections, building of a castle, or battles. While the continuous growth of a tree lacks the limits characteristic of an event, its germination from a seed does qualify as an event. Similarly, the blowing of the wind lacks the distinctness and limits of an event, but a hurricane, flood or earthquake would qualify as an event. Mental processes are considered as events, in cases where they are connected with the material externalization of their results; for example, the creation of a poem, a performance or a change of intention that becomes obvious from subsequent actions or declarations. The effects of an instance of E5 Event may not lead to relevant permanent changes of properties or relations of the items involved in it, for example an unrecorded performance. Of course, in order to be documented, some kind of evidence for an event must exist, be it witnesses, traces or products of the event. While instances of E4 Period always require some form of coherence between its constituent phenomena, in addition, the essential constituents of instances of E5 Event should contribute to an overall effect; for example, the statements made during a meeting and the listening of the audience. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an instance of E5 Event may appear as if it had an ‘instantaneous’ overall effect, but any process or interaction of material nature in reality have an extent in time and space. At a fine level, instances of E5 Event may be analysed into component phenomena and phases within a space and timeframe, and as such can be seen as a period, regardless of the size of the phenomena. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy overall effect and are thus not instances of E5 Event.

Examples: - the birth of Cleopatra (E67) (Pomeroy, 1984) - the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (E6) (Camardo, 2013) - World War II (E7) (Barber, 1994) - the Battle of Stalingrad (E7) (Hoyt, 1993) - the Yalta Conference (E7) (Harbutt, 2010) - my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 (E7) - the falling of a tile from my roof last Sunday (fictitious) - the CIDOC conference 2003 (E7)

In First Order Logic: - E5(x) ⇒ E4(x)

• P11 a eu pour actant participant ^op
• P12 a eu lieu en présence de ^op
• P20i a été la finalité de ^op
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/was_assigned_objectattribute_or_context_by ^op

• P11i a participé à ^op
• P12i a été présent à ^op
• P20 a eu pour finalité spécifique ^op
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/assigned_objectattribute_or_context ^op

• E63 Beginning of Existence ^c
• E64 Daseinsende ^c
• E7 Activity ^c
• Existenzzeitraum ^c
• Museums_Sammlungszugehörigkeit ^c

Scope note: This class comprises events that bring into existence any instance of E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem.

Examples: - the birth of my child (E67) (fictitious) - the birth of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious) - the calving of the iceberg that sank the Titanic - the construction of the Eiffel Tower (E12) (Tissandier, 1889)

In First Order Logic: - E63(x) ⇒ E5(x)

• E12 Herstellung ^c
• E65 Begriffliche Schöpfung ^c
• E66 Formation ^c
• E67 Birth ^c
• E81 Transformation ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Foundation ^c

Scope note: This class comprises events that end the existence of any instance of E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem. In cases where substance from an instance of E77 Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented as instances of E81 Transformation.

Examples: - the death of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious) - the melting of the snowman (E6) - the burning of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesos by Herostratos in 356 BC (E7, E6) (Trell, 1945)

In First Order Logic: - E64(x) ⇒ E5(x)

• E68 Dissolution ^c
• E69 Death ^c
• E6 Destruction ^c
• E81 Transformation ^c

Scope note: This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types, etc.

Examples: - the framing of the U.S. Constitution (Farrand, 1913) - the drafting of U.N. Resolution 1441 (United Nations Security Council, 2002)

In First Order Logic: - E65(x) ⇒ E7(x) - E65(x) ⇒ E63(x)

• E63 Beginning of Existence ^c
• E7 Activity ^c

• E83 Criação de Tipo ^c
• Bildgebendes_Verfahren ^c

Scope note: This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group of people, such as a club, society, association, corporation, or nation. E66 Formation does not include the arbitrary aggregation of people who do not act as a collective. The formation of an instance of E74 Group does not require that the group is populated with members at the time of formation. In order to express the joining of members at the time of formation, the respective activity should be simultaneously an instance of both E66 Formation and E85 Joining.

Examples: - the formation of the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group in 2000 - the formation of the Soviet Union (Pipes, 1964) - the conspiring of the murderers of Caesar (Irwin, 1935)

In First Order Logic: - E66(x) ⇒ E7(x) - E66(x) ⇒ E63(x)

• E63 Beginning of Existence ^c
• E7 Activity ^c

• P151 a été formé à partir de ^op
• P95 a fondé ^op

• P151i a participé à ^op
• P95i a été fondé par ^op

Scope note: This class comprises the births of human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living being.) Twins, triplets, etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. The introduction of the E67 Birth event as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood since the advent of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the E67 Birth.

Examples: - the birth of Alexander the Great (Stoneman, 2004)

In First Order Logic: - E67(x) ⇒ E63(x)

• P96 by mother ^op
• P97 de père ^op
• P98 a donné vie à ^op

• P96i a donné naissance à ^op
• P97i a été le père pour ^op
• P98i est né ^op

Scope note: This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an instance of E74 Group. If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an instance of E7 Activity.

Examples: - the fall of the Roman Empire (Whittington, 1964) - the liquidation of Enron Corporation (Atlas, 2001)

In First Order Logic: - E68(x) ⇒ E64(x)

Scope note: This class comprises the deaths of human beings. If a person is killed, their death should be instantiated as E69 Death and as E7 Activity. The death or perishing of other living beings should be documented as instances of E64 End of Existence.

Examples: - the murder of Julius Caesar (E69, E7) (Irwin, 1935) - the death of Senator Paul Wellstone (Monast and Tao, 2002)

In First Order Logic: - E69(x) ⇒ E64(x)

Scope note: This class comprises events that destroy one or more instances of E18 Physical Thing, such that they lose their identity as the subjects of documentation. Some destruction events are intentional, while others are independent of human activity. Intentional destruction can be documented by classifying the event as both an instance of E6 Destruction and of E7 Activity. The decision to document an object as destroyed, transformed, or modified is context-sensitive: 1. If the matter remaining from the destruction is not documented, the event is modelled solely as an instance of E6 Destruction. 2. An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the original. In this case, the new items have separate identities. Matter is preserved, but identity is not. 3. When the initial identity of the changed instance of E18 Physical Thing is preserved, the event should be documented as an instance of E11 Modification.

Examples: - the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (Camardo, 2013) - the destruction of Nineveh (E6, E7) (River, 2016) - the breaking of a champagne glass yesterday by my dog (fictitious)

In First Order Logic: - E6(x) ⇒ E64(x)

Scope note: This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability. They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may, for instance, have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.

Examples: - my photograph collection (E78) (fictitious) - the bottle of milk in my refrigerator (E22) (fictitious) - the Riss A1 plan of the Straßburger Münster (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg) (E29) (Liess, R., 1985) - the thing on the top of Otto Hahn’s desk (E19) - the form of the no-smoking sign (E36) - the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (E26) (Psimenos, 2005)

In First Order Logic: - E70(x) ⇒ E77(x)

• P101 a eu pour usage général ^op
• P130 apresenta características de ^op
• P130i Merkmale auch auf ^op
• P16i a été mobilisé pour ^op
• P43 a pour dimension ^op

• P101i a été l'usage général de ^op
• P130 apresenta características de ^op
• P130i Merkmale auch auf ^op
• P16 a mobilisé l’objet spécifique ^op
• P43i est la dimension de ^op

• E71 Chose élaborée par l’humain ^c
• E72 Legal Object ^c

Scope note: This class comprises discrete, identifiable human-made items that are documented as single units. These items are either intellectual products or human-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may, for instance, have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures.

Examples: - Beethoven’s 5(th) Symphony (E73) (Lockwood, 2015) - Michelangelo’s David (E22) (Paoletti and Bagemihl, 2015) - Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity (E89) (Hartle, 2003) - the taxon ‘Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus,1758’ (E55) (Sinkevicius and Narusevicius, 2002)

In First Order Logic: - E71(x) ⇒ E70(x)

• P102 a pour titre ^op
• P103 a eu pour raison d'être ^op
• P19i a été élaboré pour ^op

• P102i est le titre de ^op
• P103i a été la raison d'être de ^op
• P19 a été l’usage prévu de ^op

• E24 Chose matérielle élaborée par l’humain ^c
• E28 Begrifflicher Gegenstand ^c

Scope note: This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied. This is generally true for all instances of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of an instance of E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CIDOC CRM.

Examples: - the Cullinan diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006) - definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Version 5.0.4 (E73) (ISO 21127: 2014)

In First Order Logic: - E72(x) ⇒ E70(x)

• P104 Gegenstand von ^op
• P105 Rechte stehen zu ^op

• P104i applies to ^op
• P105i détient le droit sur ^op

• E18 Chose matérielle ^c
• E90 Objet symbolique ^c

Scope note: This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a “named graph” also falls under this class, so that each “named graph” is an instance of E73 Information Object. An instance of E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.

Examples: - image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E31) (Natural History Museum, 2021) - E. A. Poe's “The Raven” (Poe, 1869) - the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa (Mellen, 2002) - the text of Huray describing the Maxwell Equations (Huray, 2010) - the Getty AAT as published as Linked Open Data, accessed 1/10/2014

In First Order Logic: - E73(x) ⇒ E89(x) - E73(x) ⇒ E90(x)

• E89 Aussagenobjekt ^c
• E90 Objet symbolique ^c

• E29 Conceptualisation ou procédure ^c
• E31 Document ^c
• E33 Linguistic Object ^c
• E36 Bildliches ^c
• Audiodatei ^c
• Datei ^c
• Befund ^c
• Quelleninhalt ^c
• Quelleninhalt_Sektion ^c
• Videodatei ^c
• 3D_Modell ^c

Scope note: This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of human individuals or groups that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e. a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group. A gathering of people becomes an instance of E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modelled as membership in an instance of E74 Group. Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group.

Examples: - the Impressionists (Wilson, 1994) - the Navajo (Correll, 1972) - the Greeks (Williams, 1993) - the peace protestors in New York City on 15(th) February 2003 - Exxon-Mobil (Raymond, 2006) - King Solomon and his wives (Thieberger, 1947) - the President of the Swiss Confederation - Nicolas Bourbaki [the collective pseudonym of a group of mathematicians, predominantly French alumni of the École normale supérieure] (Aczel, 2007) - Betty Crocker (Crocker, 2012) - Ellery Queen [Ellery Queen is a pseudonym created in 1929 by American crime fiction writers Frederic Dannay and Manfred Bennington Lee.] (Wheat, 2005) - Greenpeace - Paveprime Ltd - the National Museum of Denmark

In First Order Logic: - E74(x) ⇒ E39(x)

• P107 a pour membre actuel ou antérieur ^op
• P144i a accueilli le membre par ^op
• P146i a perdu le membre par ^op
• P151i a participé à ^op
• P95i a été fondé par ^op
• P99i a été dissous par ^op

• P107i est le membre actuel ou antérieur de ^op
• P144 a fait adhérer à ^op
• P146 a dissocié de ^op
• P151 a été formé à partir de ^op
• P95 a fondé ^op
• P99 a dissous ^op

• Körperschaft ^c
• Gruppe_Gesellschaft ^c

Scope note: This class comprises items that have persistent characteristics of structural nature substantially related to their identity and their integrity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. Persistent Items may be physical entities, such as people, animals or things, conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or even names. Instances of E77 Persistent Item may be present or be part of interactions in different periods or events. They can repeatedly be recognized at disparate occasions during their existence by characteristics of structural nature. The respective characteristics need not be exactly the same during all the existence of an instance of E77 Persistent Item. Often, they undergo gradual change, still bearing some similarities with that of previous times, or disappear completely and new emerge. For instance, a person, from the time of being born on, will gradually change all its features and acquire new ones, such as a scar. Even the DNA in different body cells will develop defects and mutations. Nevertheless, relevant characteristics used should be sufficiently similar to recognize the instance for some substantial period of time. The more specific criteria that determine the identity of instances of subclasses of E77 Persistent Item may vary considerably and are described or referred to in the respective scope notes. The decision about which exact criteria to use depends on whether the observable behaviour of the respective part of reality such confined conforms to the reasoning the user is interested in. For example, a building can be regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria, such as being bodily separated from other persons. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. On the opposite, the identity of a (version of a) text of a scientific publication is given by the exact arrangement of its relevant symbols. The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope of the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties. An instance of E77 Persistent Item does not require actual knowledge of the identifying features of the instance being currently known. There may be cases, where the actual identifying features of an instance of E77 Persistent Item are not decidable at a particular state of knowledge.

Examples: - Leonardo da Vinci (E21) (Strano, 1953) - Stonehenge (E24) (Pryor, 2016) - the hole in the ozone layer (E4) (Hufford and Horwitz, 2005) - the First Law of Thermodynamics (E89) (Craig and Gislason, 2002) - the Bermuda Triangle (E53) (Dolan, 2005)

In First Order Logic: - E77(x) ⇒ E1(x)

• P12i a été présent à ^op
• P92i a commencé à exister par ^op
• P93i a cessé d’exister par ^op

• P12 a eu lieu en présence de ^op
• P92 a fait exister ^op
• P93 a mis fin à l’existence de ^op

• E39 Actant ^c
• E70 Chose ^c

Scope note: This class comprises aggregations of instances of E18 Physical Thing that are assembled and maintained (“curated” and “preserved,” in museological terminology) by one or more instances of E39 Actor over time for a specific purpose and audience, and according to a particular collection development plan. Typical instances of curated holdings are museum collections, archives, library holdings and digital libraries. A digital library is regarded as an instance of E18 Physical Thing because it requires keeping physical carriers of the electronic content. Items may be added or removed from an E78 Curated Holding in pursuit of this plan. This class should not be confused with the E39 Actor maintaining the E78 Curated Holding who is often referred to using the name of the E78 Curated Holding (e.g. “The Wallace Collection decided…”). Collective objects in the general sense, like a tomb full of gifts, a folder with stamps, or a set of chessmen, should be documented as instances of E19 Physical Object, and not as instances of E78 Curated Holding. This is because they form wholes, either because they are physically bound together or because they are kept together for their functionality.

Examples: - the John Clayton Herbarium (Blake, 1918), (Natural History Museum, 2021) - the Wallace Collection (Ingamells, 1990) - Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Trondheim, Norway (Woelkerling et al., 2005) - the Digital Collections of the Munich DigitiZation Center (MDZ) accessible via https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/ at least in January 2018.

In First Order Logic: - E78(x) ⇒ E24(x)

• P109 a pour responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection ^op
• P147i a été géré par ^op

• P109i est responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection ^op
• P147 a géré ^op

Scope note: This class comprises activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being increased, enlarged, or augmented by the addition of a part. Typical scenarios include the attachment of an accessory, the integration of a component, the addition of an element to an aggregate object, or the accessioning of an object into a curated instance of E78 Curated Holding. Both the E18 Physical Thing being augmented and the E18 Physical Thing that is being added are treated as separate identifiable wholes prior to the instance of E79 Part Addition. Following the addition of parts, the resulting assemblages are treated objectively as single identifiable wholes, made up of constituent or component parts bound together either physically (for example the engine becoming a part of the car), or by sharing a common purpose (such as the 32 chess pieces that make up a chess set). This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history and continuity of identity of objects that are integrated into other objects over time, such as precious gemstones being repeatedly incorporated into different items of jewellery, or cultural artefacts being added to different museum instances of E78 Curated Holding over their lifespan.

Examples: - the setting of the Koh-I-Noor diamond into the crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (Dalrymple, 2017) - the addition of the painting “Room in Brooklyn” by Edward Hopper to the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston - the attachment of the bronze hand on the tree forming the Alpi Marittime [ https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010)

In First Order Logic: - E79(x) ⇒ E11(x)

• P110 a augmenté ^op
• P111 a ajouté ^op

• P110i a été augmenté par ^op
• P111i a été ajouté par ^op

Scope note: This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite, and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.

Examples: - the Battle of Stalingrad (Hoyt, 1993) - the Yalta Conference (Harbutt, 2010) - my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 - the writing of “Faust” by Goethe (E65) (Williams, 2020) - the formation of the Bauhaus 1919 (E66) (Droste, 2006) - the people of Iraq giving the name ‘Quyunjig’ to the place identified by the TGN as ‘7017998’ - Kira Weber working in glass art from 1984 to 1993 - Kira Weber working in oil and pastel painting from 1993

In First Order Logic: - E7(x) ⇒ E5(x)

• P125 a mobilisé l’objet du type ^op
• P134 a continué ^op
• P134i a été continué par ^op
• P14 a été effectué par ^op
• P15 a été influencé par ^op
• P16 a mobilisé l’objet spécifique ^op
• P17 a été motivé par ^op
• P19 a été l’usage prévu de ^op
• P20 a eu pour finalité spécifique ^op
• P21 a eu pour finalité générale ^op
• P32 a mobilisé comme technique générale ^op
• P33 a mobilisé comme technique spécifique ^op

• P125i Objekt des Typus ... wurde benutzt in ^op
• P134 a continué ^op
• P134i a été continué par ^op
• P14i a effectué ^op
• P15i a influencé ^op
• P16i a été mobilisé pour ^op
• P17i a motivé ^op
• P19i a été élaboré pour ^op
• P20i a été la finalité de ^op
• P21i a été la finalité de ^op
• P32i a été la technique générale mise en œuvre dans ^op
• P33i a été la technique spécifique mise en œuvre dans ^op

• E10 Transfer of Custody ^c
• E11 Bearbeitung ^c
• E13 Assignation d’attribut ^c
• E65 Begriffliche Schöpfung ^c
• E66 Formation ^c
• E85 Adhésion ^c
• E86 Austritt ^c
• E87 Activité curatoriale ^c
• E8 Acquisition ^c
• E9 Déplacement ^c
• Beauftragung ^c
• Begegnung ^c
• Grabung ^c
• Objektdokumentation ^c
• Rezeption ^c
• Forschungsaktivität ^c
• Benutzung ^c

Scope note: This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being decreased by the removal of a part. Typical scenarios include the detachment of an accessory, the removal of a component or part of a composite object, or the deaccessioning of an object from a curated collection, an instance of E78 Curated Holding. If the instance of E80 Part Removal results in the total decomposition of the original object into pieces, such that the whole ceases to exist, the activity should instead be modelled as an instance of E81 Transformation, i.e. a simultaneous destruction and production. In cases where the part removed has no discernible identity prior to its removal but does have an identity subsequent to its removal, the activity should be modelled as both an instance of E80 Part Removal and E12 Production. This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history, and continuity of identity over time, of objects that are removed from other objects, such as precious gemstones being extracted from different items of jewellery, or cultural artifacts being deaccessioned from different museum collections over their lifespan.

Examples: - the removal of the Porite coral specimen from the Cocos Islands by Charles Darwin in April 1836 (Natural History Museum, 2021, b) - the removal of the engine from my car (fictitious) - the disposal of object number 1976:234 from the collection (fictitious)

In First Order Logic: - E80(x) ⇒ E11(x)

• P112 a diminué ^op
• P113 a retiré ^op

• P112i a été diminué par ^op
• P113i a été retiré par ^op

Scope note: This class comprises the events that result in the simultaneous destruction of one or more than one E18 Physical Thing and the creation of one or more than one E18 Physical Thing that preserves recognizable substance and structure from the first one(s) but has fundamentally different nature or identity. Although the old and the new instances of E18 Physical Thing are treated as discrete entities having separate, unique identities, they are causally connected through the E81 Transformation; the destruction of the old E18 Physical Thing(s) directly causes the creation of the new one(s) using or preserving some relevant substance and structure. Instances of E81 Transformation are therefore distinct from re-classifications (documented using E17 Type Assignment) or modifications (documented using E11 Modification) of objects that do not fundamentally change their nature or identity. Characteristic cases are reconstructions and repurposing of historical buildings or ruins, fires leaving buildings in ruins, taxidermy of specimen in natural history. Even though such instances of E81 Transformation are often motivated by a change of intended use, substantial material changes should justify the documentation of the result as a new instance of E18 Physical Thing and not just the change of function. The latter may be documented as an extended activity (instance of E7 Activity) of using it.

Examples: - the mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) [the mummification of the body of the deceased is a human production process and simultaneously preserves structures of the body at and before death] (Carter and Mace 1977) - the death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the Eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) - the transformation of the Hephaisteion temple in Athens, better known as “Theseion”, into a Christian church, dedicated to Saint George https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George around AD 700 (E81,E12) [which actually helped preserving part of the antique temple structure from 449BC]

In First Order Logic: - E81(x) ⇒ E63(x) - E81(x) ⇒ E64(x)

• E63 Beginning of Existence ^c
• E64 Daseinsende ^c

• P123 a eu pour résultat ^op
• P124 a transformé ^op

• P123i a résulté de ^op
• P124i a été transformé par ^op

Scope note: This class comprises activities formally defining new types of items. It is typically a rigorous scholarly or scientific process that ensures a type is exhaustively described and appropriately named. In some cases, particularly in archaeology and the life sciences, E83 Type Creation requires the identification of an exemplary specimen and the publication of the type definition in an appropriate scholarly forum. The activity modelled as an instance of E83 Type Creation is central to research in the life sciences, where a type would be referred to as a “taxon,” the type description as a “protologue,” and the exemplary specimens as “original element” or “holotype”.

Examples: - creation of the taxon Penicillium brefeldianum (Dodge, 1933) - addition of class E85 Joining to the CIDOC CRM

In First Order Logic: - E83(x) ⇒ E65(x)

• P135 a créé le type ^op
• P136 a été fondé sur ^op

• P135i a été créé par ^op
• P136i a fondé la création du type ^op

Scope note: This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor becoming a member of an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party. Typical scenarios include becoming a member of a social organisation, becoming an employee of a company, marriage, the adoption of a child by a family, and the inauguration of somebody into an official position.

Examples: - the election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (Gleick, 2003) - the inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (Butson, 1986) - the implementation of the membership treaty between EU and Denmark, 1(st) January 1993

In First Order Logic: - E85(x) ⇒ E7(x)

• P143 a fait adhérer ^op
• P144 a fait adhérer à ^op

• P143i a adhéré par ^op
• P144i a accueilli le membre par ^op

Scope note: This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor to be disassociated from an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party. Typical scenarios include the termination of membership in a social organisation, ending the employment at a company, divorce, and the end of tenure of somebody in an official position.

Examples: - the end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (Gleick, 2003) - George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (Jones, 1979) - the implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland’s membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985

In First Order Logic: - E86(x) ⇒ E7(x)

• P145 a dissocié ^op
• P146 a dissocié de ^op

• P145i est dissocié par ^op
• P146i a perdu le membre par ^op

Scope note: This class comprises the activities that contribute to the management and the preservation and evolution of instances of E78 Curated Holding, following an implicit or explicit curation plan. It specializes the notion of activity into the curation of a collection and allows the history of curation to be recorded. Items are accumulated and organized following criteria such as subject, chronological period, material type, style of art, etc., and can be added or removed from an instance of E78 Curated Holding for a specific purpose and/or audience. The initial aggregation of items to form a collection is regarded as an instance of E12 Production Event, while the activities of evolving, preserving, and promoting a collection are regarded as instances of E87 Curation Activity.

Examples: - the curation of Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium 1876 to 1909 (when Foslie died), now at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norway (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic: - E87(x) ⇒ E7(x)

• Ausstellung ^c
• Systematisierung ^c

Scope note: This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse. This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples: - Maxwell’s Equations (Ball, 1962) - the ideational contents of Aristotle’s book entitled ‘Metaphysics’ as rendered in the Greek texts translated in Oxford edition - the underlying prototype of any “no-smoking” sign (E36) - the common ideas of the plots of the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa and the movie “The Magnificent Seven” by John Sturges (Mellen, 2002) - the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36) - the character “Little Red Riding Hood”, variants of which appear amongst others in Grimm brothers’ “Rotkäppchen”, other oral fairy tales and the film “Hoodwinked” - the place “Havnor” as invented by Ursula K. Le Guin for her “Earthsea” book series, the related maps and appearing in derivative works based on these novels

In First Order Logic: - E89(x) ⇒ E28(x)

• P129 a pour sujet ^op
• P148 a pour composant ^op
• P148i est le composant de ^op
• P67 referencia ^op

• P129i est le sujet de ^op
• P148 a pour composant ^op
• P148i est le composant de ^op
• P67i fait l'objet d'un renvoi par ^op

• E30 Direitos ^c
• E73 Information Object ^c

Scope note: This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more other instances of E39 Actor. The class also applies to the establishment or loss of ownership of instances of E18 Physical Thing. It does not, however, imply changes of any other kinds of rights. The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E8 Acquisition there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe: 1. the beginning of ownership 2. the end of ownership 3. the transfer of ownership 4. the acquisition from an unknown source 5. the loss of title due to destruction of the item It may also describe events where a collector appropriates legal title, for example, by annexation or field collection. The interpretation of the museum notion of “accession” differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership (E8 Acquisition) and physical custody (E10 Transfer of Custody) separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.

Examples: - the collection of a hammerhead shark, genus Sphyrna (Carchariniformes), by John Steinbeck and Edward Ricketts at Puerto Escondido in the Gulf of Mexico on 25(th) March 1940. (Steinbeck, 2000) - the acquisition of El Greco’s “The Apostles Peter and Paul” by the State Hermitage in Saint Petersburg. (https://hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+Paintings/32730) - the loss of my stuffed Fringilla coelebs due to insect damage last year (fictitious)

In First Order Logic: - E8(x) ⇒ E7(x)

• P22 a transféré le titre de propriété à ^op
• P23 a transféré le titre de propriété de ^op
• P24 a transféré le titre de propriété de ^op

• P22i a acquis le titre de propriété par ^op
• P23i a cédé le titre de propriété à ^op
• P24i a changé de propriétaire par ^op

Scope note: This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code, or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units. It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string. In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note and its subproperty P190 has symbolic content allow for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. “bit”, “Latin character”, RGB pixel).

Examples: - ‘ecognizabl’ - the “no-smoking” sign (E36) - “BM000038850.JPG” (E41) [identifies a digital image] (Natural History Museum, 2021) - image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E36) [depicts specimen of Verbesina virginica] (Natural History Museum, 2021) - the distribution of form, tone and colour found on Leonardo da Vinci’s painting named “Mona Lisa” in daylight (E36) - the Italian text of Dante’s “Divina Commedia” as found in the authoritative critical edition “La Commedia secondo l’antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi” (E33) (Petrocchi, 1967)

In First Order Logic: - E90(x) ⇒ E28(x) - E90(x) ⇒ E72(x)

• E28 Begrifflicher Gegenstand ^c
• E72 Legal Object ^c

• P106 est composé de ^op
• P106i bildet Teil von ^op
• P128i a pour support ^op
• P142i a été mobilisé dans ^op
• P165i est inclus dans ^op
• P190 a pour contenu symbolique ^dp

• P106 est composé de ^op
• P106i bildet Teil von ^op
• P128 carries ^op
• P142 a mobilisé comme élément ^op
• P165 inclut ^op

• E41 Appellation ^c
• E73 Information Object ^c

Scope note: This class comprises 4-dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime (in contrast to mathematical models of it) regardless of their true geometric forms. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, E53 Place, and E52 Time-Span are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is its projection on time.

Examples: - the extent in space and time of the Event of Caesar’s murder (Irwin, 1935) - where and when the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 took place (Kouwenhoven, 1997) - the spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Victory from its building to its actual location (Goodwin, 2015) - the extent in space and time defined by a polygon approximating the Danube river flood in Austria between 6(th) and 9(th) August 2002

In First Order Logic: - E92(x) ⇒ E1(x)

• P10 está contido em ^op
• P10i contains ^op
• P132 recoupe spatio-temporellement ^op
• P133 est distinct spatio-temporellement de ^op
• P160 a pour projection temporelle ^op
• P161 a pour projection spatiale ^op
• P166i a eu pour présence ^op
• P196i est défini par ^op
• P169i spacetime volume is defined by ^dp

• P10 está contido em ^op
• P10i contains ^op
• P132 recoupe spatio-temporellement ^op
• P133 est distinct spatio-temporellement de ^op
• P160i est la projection temporelle de ^op
• P161i est la projection spatiale de ^op
• P166 a été une présence de ^op
• P196 defines ^op

• E4 Period ^c
• E93 Presence ^c

Scope note: This class comprises instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, whose temporal extent has been chosen in order to determine the spatial extent of a phenomenon over the chosen time-span. Respective phenomena may, for instance, be historical events or periods, but can also be the diachronic extent and existence of physical things. In other words, instances of this class fix a slice of another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume in time. The temporal extent of an instance of E93 Presence typically is predetermined by the researcher so as to focus the investigation particularly on finding the spatial extent of the phenomenon by testing for its characteristic features. There are at least two basic directions such investigations might take. The investigation may wish to determine where something was during some time or it may wish to reconstruct the total passage of a phenomenon’s spacetime volume through an examination of discrete presences. Observation and measurement of features indicating the presence or absence of a phenomenon in some space allows for the progressive approximation of spatial extents through argumentation typically based on inclusion, exclusion and various overlaps.

Examples: - the Roman Empire on 19(th) August AD 14 (Clare and Edwards, 1992) - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1775 (Leppmann, 1970) - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic: - E93(x) ⇒ E92(x)

• P164 est temporellement spécifié par ^op
• P166 a été une présence de ^op
• P167 s’inscrivait dans ^op
• P195 a été une présence de ^op
• P197 a couvert des parties de ^op

• P164i spécifie temporellement ^op
• P166i a eu pour présence ^op
• P167i comporte ^op
• P195i a eu pour présence ^op
• P197i a été partiellement couvert par ^op

Scope note: This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more different instances of E39 Actor, where the transferring party is completely compensated by the payment of a monetary amount. In more detail, a purchase agreement establishes a fixed monetary obligation at its initialization on the receiving party, to the giving party. An instance of E96 Purchase begins with the contract or equivalent agreement and ends with the fulfilment of all contractual obligations. In the case that the activity is abandoned before both parties have fulfilled these obligations, the activity is not regarded as an instance of E96 Purchase. This class is a very specific case of the much more complex social business practices of exchange of goods and the creation and satisfaction of related social obligations. Purchase activities which define individual sales prices per object can be modelled by instantiating E96 Purchase for each object individually and as part of an overall instance of E96 Purchase transaction.

Examples: - the purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 in Thessaloniki (Syrmas, 1896)

In First Order Logic: - E96(x) ⇒ E8(x)

Scope note: This class comprises quantities of monetary possessions or obligations in terms of their nominal value with respect to a particular currency. These quantities may be abstract accounting units, the nominal value of a heap of coins or bank notes at the time of validity of the respective currency, the nominal value of a bill of exchange or other documents expressing monetary claims or obligations. It specifically excludes amounts expressed in terms of weights of valuable items, like gold and diamonds, and quantities of other non-currency items, like goats or stocks and bonds.

Examples: - Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987

In First Order Logic: - E97(x) ⇒ E54(x)

• P179i a été le prix de vente de ^op
• P180 a pour unité monétaire ^op

• P179 a eu pour prix de vente ^op
• P180i was currency of ^op

Scope note: This class comprises the units in which a monetary system, supported by an administrative authority or other community, quantifies and arithmetically compares all monetary amounts declared in the unit. The unit of a monetary system must describe a nominal value which is kept constant by its administrative authority and an associated banking system if it exists, and not by market value. For instance, one may pay with grams of gold, but the respective monetary amount would have been agreed as the gold price in US dollars on the day of the payment. Under this definition, British Pounds, U.S. Dollars, and European Euros are examples of currency, but “grams of gold” is not. One monetary system has one and only one currency. Instances of this class must not be confused with coin denominations, such as “Dime” or “Sestertius”. Non-monetary exchange of value in terms of quantities of a particular type of goods, such as cows, do not constitute a currency.

Examples: - “As” [Roman mid republic] - “Euro” (Temperton, 1997) - “US Dollar” (Rose, 1978)

In First Order Logic: - E98(x) ⇒ E58(x)

Scope note: This class comprises types that stand as the models for instances of E22 Human-Made Object that are produced as the result of production activities using plans exact enough to result in one or more series of uniform, functionally and aesthetically identical and interchangeable items. The product type is the intended ideal form of the manufacture process. It is typical of instances of E22 Human-Made Object that conform to an instance of E99 Product Type that its component parts are interchangeable with component parts of other instances of E22 Human-Made Object made after the model of the same instance of E99 Product Type. Frequently, the uniform production according to a given instance of E99 Product Type is achieved by creating individual tools, such as moulds or print plates that are themselves carriers of the design of the product type. Modern tools may use the flexibility of electronically controlled devices to achieve such uniformity. The product type itself, i.e. the potentially unlimited series of aesthetically equivalent items, may be the target of artistic design, rather than the individual object. In extreme cases, only one instance of a product type may have been produced, such as in a “print on demand” process which was only triggered once. However, this should not be confused with industrial prototypes, such as car prototypes, which are produced prior to the production line being set up, or test the production line itself.

Examples: - Volkswagen Type 11 [Beetle] (Rieger, 2013) - Dragendorff 54 samian vessel - 1937 Edward VIII brass threepenny bit - Qin Crossbow trigger un-notched Part B (Bg2u) (Li, 2012) - Nokia Cityman 1320 [The first Nokia mobile phone]

In First Order Logic: - E99(x) ⇒ E55(x)

• P186i est produit par ^op
• P187 a pour plan de production ^op
• P188 nécessite l'outil ^op

• P186 a produit la chose du type ^op
• P187i est le plan de production de ^op
• P188i est l'outil de production de ^op

Scope note: This class comprises changes of the physical location of the instances of E19 Physical Object. Note, that the class E9 Move inherits the property P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place. This property should be used to describe the trajectory or a larger area within which a move takes place, whereas the properties P26 moved to (was destination of), P27 moved from (was origin of) describe the start and end points only. Moves may also be documented to consist of other moves (via P9 consists of (forms part of)), in order to describe intermediate stages on a trajectory. In that case, start and end points of the partial moves should match appropriately between each other and with the overall event.

Examples: - the relocation of London Bridge from the UK to the USA (Wildfang, 2005) - the movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019

In First Order Logic: - E9(x) ⇒ E7(x)

• P25 a déplacé ^op
• P26 a déplacé vers ^op
• P27 a déplacé depuis ^op

• P25i a été déplacé par ^op
• P26i a été la destination de ^op
• P27i a été le point de départ de ^op

• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Movement_from ^c
• https://nfdi4objects.wisski.data.fau.de/ontology/Movement_to ^c

Equals S19 Encounter Event in CRMArchaeo

Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note: This property links an instance of E69 Death to the instance of E21 Person that died. An instance of E69 Death may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster. This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people.

Examples: - Mozart’s death (E69) was death of Mozart (E21). (Sitwell, 2017)

In First Order Logic: - P100(x,y) ⇒ E69(x) - P100(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P100(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)

Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E69 Death to the instance of E21 Person that died. An instance of E69 Death may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster. This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people.

Examples of the inverse property: - Mozart’s death (E69) was death of Mozart (E21). (Sitwell, 2017)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P100(x,y) ⇒ E69(x) - P100(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P100(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)

Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note: This property associates an instance of E70 Thing with an instance of E55 Type that describes the type of use that it was actually employed for. It allows the relationship between particular things, both physical and immaterial, and the general methods and techniques of real use to be documented. This may well be different from the intended functional purpose of the instance of E70 Thing (which can be documented with P103 was intended for (was intention of)). For example, it could be recorded that a particular wooden crate had a general use as a shelf support on a market stall even though it had been originally intended for carrying vegetables. The use of this property is intended to allow the documentation of usage patterns attested in historical records or through scientific investigation (for instance ceramic residue analysis). It should not be used to document the intended, and thus assumed, use of an object.

Examples: - Tony Gill’s Ford Mustang (E22) had as general use transportation (E55). - The Egyptian unglazed vessel used in the 2003 study reported by Barnard et al. (E22) had as general use camel milk preparation (E55). (Barnard et al., 2007)

In First Order Logic: - P101(x,y) ⇒ E70(x) - P101(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P101(x,y) ⇒ (∃z)[E7(z) ∧ P16i(,x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]

Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E70 Thing with an instance of E55 Type that describes the type of use that it was actually employed for. It allows the relationship between particular things, both physical and immaterial, and the general methods and techniques of real use to be documented. This may well be different from the intended functional purpose of the instance of E70 Thing (which can be documented with P103 was intended for (was intention of)). For example, it could be recorded that a particular wooden crate had a general use as a shelf support on a market stall even though it had been originally intended for carrying vegetables. The use of this property is intended to allow the documentation of usage patterns attested in historical records or through scientific investigation (for instance ceramic residue analysis). It should not be used to document the intended, and thus assumed, use of an object.

Examples of the inverse property: - Tony Gill’s Ford Mustang (E22) had as general use transportation (E55). - The Egyptian unglazed vessel used in the 2003 study reported by Barnard et al. (E22) had as general use camel milk preparation (E55). (Barnard et al., 2007)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P101(x,y) ⇒ E70(x) - P101(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P101(x,y) ⇒ (∃z)[E7(z) ∧ P16i(,x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]

Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note: This property associates an instance of E35 Title that has been applied to an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing. The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the title was a given title, a supplied title etc. It allows any human-made material or immaterial thing to be given a title. It is possible to imagine a title being created without a specific object in mind.

Examples: - The first book of the Old Testament (E33) has title “Genesis” (E35) has type translated title (E55) (E55). (Brueggemann, 1982) - Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d’Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “La Pie” (E35) has type creator’s title (E55). (Musée d’Orsay, 2020) - Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d'Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “The Magpie” (E35) has type translated title (E55). (Musée d'Orsay, 2020)

Properties: - P102.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic: - P102(x,y) ⇒ E71(x) - P102(x,y) ⇒ E35(y) - P102(x,y,z) ⇒ [P102(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P102(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)

Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E35 Title that has been applied to an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing. The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the title was a given title, a supplied title etc. It allows any human-made material or immaterial thing to be given a title. It is possible to imagine a title being created without a specific object in mind.

Examples of the inverse property: - The first book of the Old Testament (E33) has title “Genesis” (E35) has type translated title (E55) (E55). (Brueggemann, 1982) - Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d’Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “La Pie” (E35) has type creator’s title (E55). (Musée d’Orsay, 2020) - Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d'Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “The Magpie” (E35) has type translated title (E55). (Musée d'Orsay, 2020)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P102(x,y) ⇒ E71(x) - P102(x,y) ⇒ E35(y) - P102(x,y,z) ⇒ [P102(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P102(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)

Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note: This property links an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing to an instance of E55 Type of usage or audience. It creates a relation between specific human-made things, both physical and immaterial, to E55 Types. This property can be used to specify intended methods and techniques of use or to characterise the intended audience by indicating a type of personal characteristic that everyone falling into the target audience has. Note: A link between specific human-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for).

Examples: - This plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55). (fictitious) - “Reading for life, a first book for adults and their tutors” (E28) was intended for adult literacy learners in the English language (E55). (Allen, 1987) - “Piglet has a bath” (E28), published on sealed plastic pages, was intended for young children having a bath (E55). (Milne & Shepard, 1998)

In First Order Logic: - P103(x,y) ⇒ E71(x) - P103(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)

Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing to an instance of E55 Type of usage or audience. It creates a relation between specific human-made things, both physical and immaterial, to E55 Types. This property can be used to specify intended methods and techniques of use or to characterise the intended audience by indicating a type of personal characteristic that everyone falling into the target audience has. Note: A link between specific human-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for).

Examples of the inverse property: - This plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55). (fictitious) - “Reading for life, a first book for adults and their tutors” (E28) was intended for adult literacy learners in the English language (E55). (Allen, 1987) - “Piglet has a bath” (E28), published on sealed plastic pages, was intended for young children having a bath (E55). (Milne & Shepard, 1998)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P103(x,y) ⇒ E71(x) - P103(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)

Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note: This property links a particular instance of E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it is subject. The Right is held by an instance of E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by).

Examples: - The Beatles back catalogue (E89) is subject to reproduction right on the Beatles back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic: - P104(x,y) ⇒ E72(x) - P104(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)

Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property: This property links a particular instance of E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it is subject. The Right is held by an instance of E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by).

Examples of the inverse property: - The Beatles back catalogue (E89) is subject to reproduction right on the Beatles back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P104(x,y) ⇒ E72(x) - P104(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)

Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who holds the instances of E30 Right to an instance of E72 Legal Object. It is a superproperty of P52 has current owner (is current owner of) because ownership is a right that is held on the owned object. This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E72 Legal Object, P104 is subject to, E30 Right, P75i is possessed by to E39 Actor.

Examples: - The Beatles back catalogue (E73) right held by Michael Jackson (E21). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic: - P105(x,y) ⇒ E72(x) - P105(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P105(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E30(z) ˄ P104(x,z) ˄ P75i(z,y)]

Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who holds the instances of E30 Right to an instance of E72 Legal Object. It is a superproperty of P52 has current owner (is current owner of) because ownership is a right that is held on the owned object. This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E72 Legal Object, P104 is subject to, E30 Right, P75i is possessed by to E39 Actor.

Examples of the inverse property: - The Beatles back catalogue (E73) right held by Michael Jackson (E21). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P105(x,y) ⇒ E72(x) - P105(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P105(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E30(z) ˄ P104(x,z) ˄ P75i(z,y)]

Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note: This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image. This property is transitive asymmetric.

Examples: - This Scope note of property P106 (E33) is composed of ‘fragments of texts’ (E33). - ‘recognizable’ (E90) is composed of ‘ecognizabl’ (E90).

In First Order Logic: - P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(x) - P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(y) - [P106(x,y) ∧ P106(y,z)] ⇒ P106(x,z) - P106(x,y) ⇒ ¬P106(y,x)

Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image. This property is transitive asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property: - This Scope note of property P106 (E33) is composed of ‘fragments of texts’ (E33). - ‘recognizable’ (E90) is composed of ‘ecognizabl’ (E90).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(x) - P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(y) - [P106(x,y) ∧ P106(y,z)] ⇒ P106(x,z) - P106(x,y) ⇒ ¬P106(y,x)

Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note: This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof. Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor. The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples: - László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012) - National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971) - The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004)

Properties: - P107.1 kind of member: E55 Type

In First Order Logic: - P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x) - P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)]

Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof. Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor. The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples of the inverse property: - László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012) - National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971) - The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x) - P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)]

Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production. The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.

Examples: - The building of Rome (E12) has produced the Colosseum (E24). (Hopkins & Beard, 2011)

In First Order Logic: - P108(x,y) ⇒ E12(x) - P108(x,y) ⇒ E24(y) - P108(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y) - P108(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)

• P31 a modifié ^op
• P92 a fait exister ^op

Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production. The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.

Examples of the inverse property: - The building of Rome (E12) has produced the Colosseum (E24). (Hopkins & Beard, 2011)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P108(x,y) ⇒ E12(x) - P108(x,y) ⇒ E24(y) - P108(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y) - P108(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)

• P31i a été modifié par ^op
• P92i a commencé à exister par ^op